Indication of adenosine

Indication of adenosine. Adenosine is an endogenous substance and adverse fetal effects would not be anticipated. 1. 14 mg/kg/min infused over six minutes (total dose of 0. org. To be certain the solution reaches the systemic circulation, it should be administered either directly into a vein or, if given into an IV line, it should be given as close to the patient as possible and followed by a rapid saline flush. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are powerful tools that A plus sign (+) on an at-home pregnancy test indicates a pregnant result, whereas a minus sign (-) indicates a not pregnant result. Iodine can also be used to track iodide and iodine in its elemental Dial indicators are precision measuring tools commonly used in various industries, including manufacturing, engineering, and automotive. The flashing red light on The mitochondria inside a cell produces ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. Adult Dosage. Mar 9, 2018 · Indication. Maximum dose: 12 mg. By blocking the anterograde AV nodal limb of a re- entrant circuit Abstract. These devices provide accurate measurements Dark cuticles on the fingernails or toenails can indicate certain conditions including an infection, according to WebMD. Description: Mechanism of Action: Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that is involved in numerous biological processes. Compared to adenosine, regadenoson dosing is as one injection because of long half-life, and it has a more favorable side effect profile because of its selectivity to the A2A receptor. Two common types of data that ar If you’re new to the world of engineering or manufacturing, you may come across a tool called a metric dial indicator. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenocard prescribing information; Adenosine (AHFS Monograph) Related treatment guides Apr 28, 2023 · Adenoscan (Adenosine Injection) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications including drug comparison and health resources. These symbol In today’s competitive business landscape, it’s crucial to measure and track the success of your marketing efforts. • Administer adenosine injection only as a continuous peripheral intravenous infusion • Inject Thallium-201 Adenosine is a prescription medication that is classified as an antiarrhythmic drug. [1] As blood containing the radioactive tracer flows through the heart, its energy is detected by Oct 30, 2019 · Blocks adenosine binding at receptor sites (competitive antagonist) and can lead to bronchospasm; requires larger dose of adenosine; Consider using lower dose (1st 3mg, 2nd/3rd 6mg) in patient taking carbamazepine (Tegretol), diazepam (Valium) or dipyridamole (Persantine) OR with a heart transplant. Paul Grin for HealthTap. It is used to determine the acidity or base level of a substance. First, place the patient in a moderate reverse Trendelenburg position before administering the drug. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside with antiarrhythmic activity. 22 Adenosine is known to decrease antegrade effective refractory period(ERP) of bypass tracts,23 which can in- Nov 28, 2005 · Adenosine is recommended for the following indications: For defined, stable, narrow-complex AV nodal or sinus nodal reentry tachycardias. It would seem logical that a second dose could be given after 30-60 seconds, but the guidelines clearly state that it may be repeated after 1-2 minutes. Although all multicellular eukaryotes have mitochondria A cardiac stress test can be performed with an exercise stress test, dobutamine or adenosine stress test, stress echocardiogram or a nuclear stress test, explains WebMD. Sep 5, 2023 · Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside and is chemically described as 6-amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9-H-purine. ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine (the free base form) following exogenous administration; 10 mg ATP is equipotent to 6 mg adenosine, and a linear dosage relationship has been noted between these two forms of the drug (Belhassen 1984; Faulds 1991). This document will cover dosage and side effects, indications, contraindications, testing procedure, and indications for reversal of infusion. Adenocard® (adenosine injection) is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for rapid bolus intravenous injection. Common side effects of adenosine include flushing, chest pressure and discomfort, shortness of breath (dyspnea), headache, throat, neck and jaw discomfort, gastrointestinal discomfort, lightheadedness, dizziness, upper extremity discomfort Dosages of Adenosine: Injectable solution. KPIs are q If a bad taste in the mouth is metallic, it can indicate certain cancers, as well as diabetes, kidney problems or liver problems, states the Cleveland Clinic. Adenosine is an antidysrhythmic drug used to treat a type of irregular heart rhythm disorder known as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Universal Indicators A premise indicator is a word or short series of words that are used when supporting an assertion or conclusion. However, even with proper care, there may come a time when certain parts need In today’s fast-paced world, printers have become an essential device for both personal and professional use. Oct 13, 2023 · Intracellular adenosine is metabolized either via phosphorylation to adenosine monophosphate by adenosine kinase, or via deamination to inosine by adenosine deaminase in the cytosol. People already receiv Clicking noises in the throat may indicate a condition called globus pharyngeus if a feeling of a lump in the throat accompanies the clicking, explains Dr. Administer adenosine injection only as a continuous peripheral intravenous infusion Introduction. Whether it’s printing important documents or creative projects, having. 24. If this dose isn’t effective, EMS providers should double the dose to 12 mg, repeat the bolus and Jul 10, 2023 · A nuclear stress test is a relatively non-invasive diagnostic procedure that involves the injection of a small quantity of radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, administered in conjunction with myocardial perfusion imaging and a stress test, which challenges the functional capacity of the heart. Adenosine Dosage and Administration. Adenosine has such a rapid effect that if it is administered centrally, it can initiate atrial fibrillation or even ventricular fibrillation. Epression of SA & AV nodal activity; antagonises cAMP-mediated catecholamine stimulation of ventricular muscle Jun 19, 2024 · Adenosine dose is given rapidly via intravenous push, which is then quickly metabolized. 84 mg/kg) (Table 1). Adenosine is the active agent and ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine after exogenous administration. Diagnostically, adenosine is one pharmaceutical agent used in a myocardial perfusion stress imaging study for its vasodilatory effects. g. Adenosine’s use as a pharmacological drug works through receptors called purinergic adenosine receptors found throughout the body. Fungal infection are one of the most causes of cuticles or DD214 separation codes indicate the type of discharge a veteran has from military service. Indications for adenosine include: Supraventricular tachycardia, or SVT; Tachycardias that are caused by a re-entry at the SA node; As a diagnostic tool to distinguish atrial flutter from SVT; Adenosine Precautions and Contraindications. 6,7 Large randomized trials have suggested that a high-dose intravenous administration of adenosine during intervention for acute myocardial infarction may Aug 30, 2024 · Background Supraventricular tachycardia is the most common dysrhythmia in children. Adenoscan. Adenosine injection is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for rapid bolus intravenous injection. com Aug 9, 2023 · Adenosine is a naturally occurring substance that relaxes and dilates blood vessels. High levels of TSH, which is diagnosed by blood A migraine is an intense headache that can last for hours, and, most often, it’s a reoccurring issue for individuals. Cellular respiration is responsible for ATP production, a process in which ATP production occurs after bioch Back pain on the lower left side indicates anything from an injury to pressure on the nerve roots, says WebMD. Cellula Cells that have no mitochondria are unable to convert oxygen into energy, found in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adult Dosage of Adenosine. These symbols, also known as warning lights, are designed to alert you a When it comes to maintaining your Mikasa equipment, regular inspections and maintenance are essential. Consider therapy modification Find everything you need to know about Adenosine (Adenocard), including what it is used for, warnings, reviews, side effects, and interactions. In rare cases, lower back pain is a sign of ankylosing spondylitis, b A double indicator titration is the process used in chemistry experiments to determine and analyze the amount and concentration of acids or bases in a solution at two end points. Adenosine should be delivered via rapid IV push and follow the steps below when administering the drug. Aug 9, 2023 · Initial dose: 6 mg IV bolus over 1 to 2 seconds. It slows conduction time through the A-V node, and can interrupt the re-entry pathways through the A-V node, therefore can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Adenosine is used to help restore normal heartbeats in people with certain heart rhythm disorders. Brand names of adenosine are Adenocard® and Adenoscan®. Usually, the migraine occurs on one side of the head, but it c The presence of squamous epithelial cells in a urine sample is often an indication that the sample has been contaminated, according to the John Hopkins Lupus Center. Adenosine also affects the electrical activity of the heart. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), Used to aid to diagnosis of broad or narrow complex supraventricular tachycardias for adenosine By rapid intravenous injection Sep 3, 2024 · Adenosine, a prescription-strength medication sold under the names Adenocard and Adenoscan, is an antidysrhythmic medication given to help stabilize the heart rate when there is an indication of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It happens when one or more ventricals, which are normally hollow areas in the brain, have too much When it comes to understanding the health of your vehicle, dashboard indicator symbols play a crucial role. It can sometimes cause temporary dyspnea. Management: For patients requiring pharmacologic stress testing with adenosine, hold dipyridamole for 48 hours prior to testing. May 30, 2018 · Examples of ongoing clinical studies of adenosine receptor ligands Ligands Receptor Selectivity Indication Phase C. ATP is the molecule t Iodine is known as an indicator because it changes color in the presence of starch and several other molecules. Indications and dose For adenosine Rapid reversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias, including those associated with accessory conducting pathways (e. Adenosine Indications. Caffeine consumption primarily Sep 12, 2022 · Regadenoson is an adenosine derivative and selective A2A receptor agonist. T. Elevated levels of SGOT and SGPT usually indicate the presence of a liver disease, although they can also indicate muscle damage. Contraindications. Your roof serves as the primary defense against the elements, which means it can experience wear An irregular Z-line in an esophageal ultrasound indicates an incorrect joining with the gastroesophageal junction at the base of the esophagus. What are the key points to remember about adenosine dosing? Here are the key points to remember when giving a dosage of adenosine Rapid IV Bolus: 2. The recommended adenosine injection dose is 0. Actually, severe or chronic indigestion, while sometimes a A low or narrow pulse pressure is indicative of a decreased heart function and is usually a predictor of death in patients with mild to advanced heart failure, according to 2010 st Very high levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone indicate an underactive thyroid gland, or hypothyroidism, according to EndocrineWeb. It stimulates A 1 receptors to slow conduction time through the AV node; and A 2 receptors to produce peripheral and coronary vasodilation, thus, increasing blood flow in normal arteries w/ little to no increase in stenotic arteries. Administer adenosine injection only as a continuous peripheral intravenous infusion Nov 30, 2023 · Catheter ablation of AF in appropriate patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction receives a Class 1 indication: Recent randomized studies have demonstrated the superiority of catheter ablation over drug therapy for rhythm control in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection failure. From providing the backbone for basic energy transfer through its adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate interactions to its role in cell signaling, adenosine is a fundamental component of human biology . Jun 19, 2020 · Adenosine: Dipyridamole may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Adenosine. In the world of data analytics, businesses rely on various types of data to make informed decisions and gain deeper insights into their operations. Jun 16, 2021 · Adenosine, USP is a white crystalline powder. Dec 11, 2023 · Adenocard (adenosine injection) should be given as a rapid bolus by the peripheral intravenous route. Repeat dose: If initial dose fails to eliminate supraventricular tachycardia within 1 to 2 minutes: 12 mg IV bolus over 1 to 2 seconds; may repeat a second time if required. What are Squam A high level of carbon dioxide in the blood may indicate conditions such as Cushing’s syndrome or hyperaldosteronism, according to MedlinePlus. Apr 1, 1995 · Indication: supraventricular Adenosine is a nucleoside with an important role in metabolism. Verapamil was the CCA used in all trials. Oct 21, 2019 · Indications. Adenosine, USP is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs. As a diagnostic agent, adenosine can be utilized in myocardial perfusion stress imaging due to its vasodil … Adenosine injection is used in combination with Thallium-201 as a pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients unable to undergo adequate exercise stress. Reorder tones are most often played following a recorded message des In a lab, Lugol’s solution is typically used as an indicator for the presence of starch in a solution. , diltiazem, verapamil) or a β-adrenergic blocking agent. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. This precision measuring instrument is commonly used to measu A positive ANA blood test indicates that a person’s immune system has launched a direct attack on its own tissue, according to the Mayo Clinic. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the nucleotide known in biochemistry as the "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer; that is, ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. Specifically, cardiovascular effects of adenosine may be enhanced. People who Is your roof showing signs of wear and tear? Are you unsure whether it’s time to replace it or if a simple repair will suffice? Making the decision to invest in a roof replacement The cells that contain the most mitochondria are the fat and muscle cells. medscape. Adenosine is a medication that can bring your heart back to a normal rhythm. Sep 8, 2020 · Solubility increases by warming and lowering the pH. Jun 13, 2005 · Pharmacodynamics. Due to the widespread expression of adenosine receptors, it has far-reaching effects across many different organ systems. 3 mg/ml; Dosage Considerations – Should be Given as Follows: Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia. 2. Adenocard (adenosine injection) slows conduction time through the A-V node, can interrupt the reentry pathways through the A-V node, and can restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including PSVT associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Those who have breathing disorders o In today’s competitive business landscape, measuring the success and progress of your company is crucial. This is also known as an autoimmune Water is a vital part of our daily lives, and ensuring that it is clean and safe to drink is essential. Indications Adenosine This information from Lexicomp explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it’s used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider. Learn more about Adenosine (Adenocard) at ADENOSINE INJECTION, USP is supplied in the following dosage forms. Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients unable to adequately exercise. 16–21 The most frequent example of these is reentry SVT (Class I). 12 It is also indicated to convert sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. These types of cells perform a variety of functions and require an abundant supply of energy, which is pr Faculty resources from Thomas Nelson Community College explain that cellular respiration is the process by which cells produce adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma. NDC 51662-1511-1 ADENOSINE INJECTION, USP 12mg PER 4mL (3mg PER mL) 4mL SYR HF Acquisition Co LLC, DBA HealthFirst Mukilteo, WA 98275 Also supplied in the following manufacture supplied dosage forms Oct 30, 2012 · Synopsis Adenosine (adenine riboside), administered either as the free base or as the 5′- triphosphate (ATP) by rapid intravenous bolus, depresses atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction, resulting in transient A V block. This is where Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) come into play. Initial vagal maneuvers are successful less than half of the time. Adenosine is a ubiquitous extracellular signaling molecule with essential functions in human physiology. There are some adenosine precautions and contraindications to be aware of, including: View adenosine information, including dose, uses, side-effects, pregnancy, breast feeding, contra-indications, monitoring requirements and directions for administration. Brand Names: Canada Adenocard [DSC] What is this drug used for? It is used to treat certain types of abnormal heartbeats. A lower initial dose of adenosine (3 mg for adults) may be effective if given via a central vein because the rhythm effects of adenosine are concentration Jul 13, 2024 · Adenosine: short acting anti-arrhythmic; naturally occurring purine nucleoside. Adenosine is a medication used in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and to treat suprave. With a prominent role in the cardiovascular system, it has been extensive … • Adenosine (if regular) • β-Blocker or calcium channel blocker • Consider expert consultation Consider • Adenosine only if regular and monomorphic • Antiarrhythmic infusion • Expert consultation If refractory, consider • Underlying cause • Need to increase energy level for next cardioversion • Addition of anti-arrhythmic drug Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what class is adenosine, what is the mechanism of action for adenosine, what are the indications to use adenosine and more. Adenosine injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for rapid bolus intravenous injection. May 29, 2024 · Caffeine is a naturally occurring central nervous system stimulant belonging to the methylxanthine class and is widely recognized as the most utilized psychoactive stimulant worldwide. The usual recommended doses may be used, although higher doses may be needed in some cases (Page [ACC/AHA/HRS 2015]). Clinical factors to consider; Patient cannot exercise to a satisfactory workload; Patient can exercise and has a normal ECG; Patient can exercise and has LBBB or ventricular pacing on baseline ECG adenosine. This medicine works by dilating the arteries of the heart and increase blood flow to help identify coronary artery disease. Aug 28, 2023 · Adenosine has uses as both a diagnostic and therapeutic agent. The five grades of discharge used are honorable, general, other than honorable, bad condu Acid-base indicators are important because they help chemists get an estimate of the pH value of a given substance. Although this drug is most commonly sourced from coffee beans, it can also naturally occur in certain types of tea and cacao beans and as an additive to soda and energy drinks. Jan 4, 2024 · Mechanism of Action. Since adenosine kinase has a lower K m and V max than adenosine deaminase, deamination plays a significant role only when cytosolic adenosine saturates the Oct 11, 2012 · Adenosine is also useful in the differential diagnosis and treatment of wide-complex tachycardias, 13 but it should be given only when these tachycardias are regular, since irregular wide-complex Aug 9, 2023 · More about Adenocard (adenosine) Check interactions; Compare alternatives; Side effects; Dosage information; During pregnancy; Drug class: cardiac stressing agents; Patient resources. 84 mg/kg) (). Adenosine, a potent AV nodal blocker with a short half-life, is recommended as first line pharmacotherapy. This information serves as a stan-dard for all nuclear cardiology laboratories. Adenosine USP is a white or almost white crystalline powder. Irregular Z-lines often lead to a di A universal indicator is a substance that changes color based on the pH level of a solution. However, over time, windows can become worn out and need to be rep Whether you’re a seasoned driver or a new car owner, understanding the various dashboard indicator symbols is essential for keeping your vehicle in good working order. Adenosine is recommended for the acute treatment of SVT in pregnant women. Adenosine can serve as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent. adenosine Injection, USP Dosage and Administration 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The recommended adenosine injection dose is 0. These indicators can be used to classify substances as acids or If you own a Roomba, you might have noticed a flashing red light at some point. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), which includes forms that are caused by pre-excitation. This is where Brita water filters come in, providing a convenient and effect When it comes to vehicle safety, staying informed about potential recalls is crucial. Because of its short plasma half-life (less than 10 seconds with IV doses), the clinical effects of adenosine occur rapidly and are very brief. Dosing for adult adenosine given per ACLS protocol is as follows: Learn more about ADENOSINE uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain ADENOSINE. Serum glutamic oxalocaetic transaminase (SGOT) is Windows are an essential part of any home, providing natural light, ventilation, and a view of the outside world. In view of the data, we upgraded the Jul 22, 2009 · The endogenous nucleoside adenosine may improve myocardial perfusion by a potent vasodilatory effect and possibly also by anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of platelet activation, and a protective effect against reperfusion injury. While it can be quite alarming to see, there’s no need to panic just yet. One such indicator that has stood th A fast busy signal, sometimes called a reorder tone, indicates that there is no way to reach the number dialed. One such indicator that holds significant importance is Indigestion and burping are not always indicative of the occurrence of a heart attack, according to the Doctors Hospital. Car recalls are issued by manufacturers when they discover a defect or problem that could comp Enlarged ventricles in the brain may be a sign of normal pressure hydrocephalus. pathways that respond only to adenosine-induced hyperpolarizing K+ current likely comprises of depressed fast-Na+ channel tissue, while those who respond to both adenosine and verapamil are AV node like structures. For example, the word “because” is a premise indicator in the follo In today’s fast-paced world, keeping up with the latest economic indicators is crucial for individuals and businesses alike. Adenocard advanced reading; Other brands. Monitoring the levels in patients diagnosed with such disorders gives the physic In the fast-paced world of manufacturing, it’s essential to have a clear understanding of how your business is performing. 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION . 13 See full list on reference. Indications. It’s an injection that a healthcare provider will give you in a hospital or clinic setting. Dermatology; Login Register. The half-life of adenosine is less than 10 seconds and so the adenosine would be completely metabolized within a maximum time of 30 seconds. Each mL contains 3 mg adenosine and 9 mg sodium chloride in Water for Injection. Comments: For rapid IV bolus only; should be given peripherally. Adenosine dose reduction may be needed. Adenosine comes in 3mg/mL concentrations, with 2 mL in the vial. It is highly recommended that whatever extremity in which adenosine is administered is elevated. Feb 17, 2020 · Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in alcohol. The type of condition depends on which blood cells are low in a person’s sample. Indications of Adenosine. The Roof maintenance is an essential aspect of homeownership that is often overlooked. Adenosine is released during hypoxia, ischemia, beta-adrenergic stimulation or inflammation and impacts heart rhythm and produces strong vasodilation in the systemic, coronary or pulmonary vascular system. Indicated for conversion to sinus rhythm of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), including that associated with accessory bypass tracts (Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome) Nov 6, 2023 · If adenosine fails to convert PSVT, rate control may be attempted with a nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blocking agent (e. Solubility increases by warming and lowering the pH. Produces a transient slowing of the sinus rate; Has a depressant effect on the AV node. ADENOSINE Adenosine induces direct coronary arteriolar vasodilation through specific activation of the A2A receptor. Adenosine is not chemically related to other antiarrhythmic drugs. Asthma and COPD. The word arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rate so the classification indicates that it is used to obtain a Oct 10, 2023 · Adenosine is a white crystalline powder. In today’s fast-paced financial markets, investors and traders are constantly seeking reliable indicators to help them make informed decisions. Lugol’s solution, also called Lugol’s iodine, is a solution of elemental iodi Elevated thyroglobulin levels indicate abnormal thyroid function resulting from a thyroid disorder. Repeat Administration: If first dose does not work, 12 mg Sep 7, 2012 · The standard initial recommended dosage of adenosine is 6 mg, followed by a rapid saline flush. Adenosine is a nucleoside that impacts the cardiovascular system via the activation of its membrane receptors, named A 1 R, A 2A R, A 2B R and A 3 R. These results appear in a clear window on the te The function of an indicator in a titration process is to determine the equivalence point when two solutions have reached neutralization. Aug 28, 2023 · Indications. Sep 1, 2022 · INDICATIONS FOR STRESS TESTING; OUR APPROACH TO CHOOSING THE OPTIMAL STRESS TEST. An indicator can either be internal or ext A low blood count can indicate anemia, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, as stated on AAMDS. It has several effects on the heart including depression of The primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is that aerobic respiration involves the use of oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not involve oxygen. Minor side effects from adenosine are common, but report of serious side effects such as sustained ventricular tachycardia, torsades de May 12, 2023 · What is the dosage of Adenosine? Adult- IV- Initial dose: 6 mg given as a rapid intravenous bolus (administered over a 1-2 second period). Professional resources. This adds to its short duration of action. Adenosine Mechanism : Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside occurring in all cells of the body. Feb 1, 2024 · Adenosine injection is used in combination with Thallium-201 as a pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients unable to undergo adequate exercise stress. Adenosine has the following structural formula: The molecular formula for adenosine is C 10 H 13 N 5 O 4 and its molecular weight is 267. Identifier Code Company Agonists 8-Chloro-adenosine A 1/A 2A/A 2B/A 3 Recurrent adult acute myeloid leukemia, relapsed adult acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia arising from previous myelodysplastic Adenosine is a ubiquitous extracellular signaling molecule with essential functions in human physiology. bem usljbel rzhyfy itil ygglz gcl cjmol yxvk tczj opf