5g throughput calculation sharetechnote lte There are much diverse preample format in 5G/NR comparing to LTE. Some background of adopting this kind of design is briefly described in IV-A of this paper as follows This is same concept as RBG size in LTE Resource Allocation Type 0. Source : RedCap - expanding the 5G device ecosystem for consumers and industries - Whitepaper - Ericsson I created the tutorial code on this page with the help of Matlab 5G Toolbox tutorial here. e, 5G or WiFi) at a specific moment and switch to another access network depending on situation ==> Switching PDSCH Aggregation is a kind of PDSCH repetition mechanism for reliable transmission (of course at the sacrifice of throughput). g, PDSCH) or uplink data channel (e. Let's get into further details for some of the important parameters. Following plot is from the data captured by a drive test tool Azenqos Drive Test tool (AZQ Android). Integration of Satellite in 5G Network Part 1/2 - 5G Mobile Communications (2022) Integration of Satellite in 5G Network Part 2/2 - 5G Mobile Communications (2022) Thinknet 6G NTN 2022: Non-Terrestrial Networks evolving towards 6G (R&S) - Bayern Innovative GmbH (2022) 3GPP NTN standardization: past, current and future - 5G Forum (2022) Source : 5G NR-Light (RedCap): Revolutionizing IoT - Qualcomm. 3dB Bandwidth: This is the width of the beam at a point 3 decibels below the peak power level. However, the rough estimation for a maximum throughput can roughly be estimated by following equation. 2 and following is my interpretation. This site is for everything on 5G/NR There are much diverse preample format in 5G/NR comparing to LTE. In 3GPP NR Specification, not so much details are explained about SplitBearer mechanism. 4. At these points, the power is reduced to 50% (or This site is for everything on 4G/LTE. As per 38. Using this PCI, the location of RS is % calculated. 5 GHz LTE & 5G | Speed With Sneed (Dec First Calculate N'_RE using following formula. It would be difficult to use downlink refernece signal method as we are using in current LTE since it will require too much resource allocation for reference signal. 4; 5G FR(Frequency Range) / Operating Bandwidth in Detail In NR, there are roughly two large frequency range specified in 3GPP. When the first talk about 5G started and some of prototyping test result came out, the focus was mainly around throughput. At the final stage of LTE advanced, we may be able to use max 100 Mhz using 5 carriers. This is the real measurement showing the correlation between SINR and Throughput. First Calculate N'_RE using following formula. We can configure the frequency domain location of SSB in Reference PRB coordinate as shown below and the position can be informed to UE via signaling message. I found a couple of examples of the max throughput calculator as listed below. If you know the MCS index and number of RBs, you can calculate the throughput for that specific MCS idex and RB as follows: LTE - Low Throughput Application As far as I remember, most part of evolution in cellular communication so far has been focused mainly on increasing the throughput. 1-2. the higher-layer parameter lte-CRS-ToMatchAround, lte-CRS-PatternList1, or lte-CRS-PatternList2 is configured; and; the higher-layer parameter dmrs-AdditionalPosition is equal to 'pos1' and l0 = 3; and; the UE has indicated it is capable of additionalDMRS-DL-Alt < 38. In 5G, the DNN (Data Network Name) is the counterpart of APN in LTE. In this configuration, UE get connected to LTE network first and then connected to NR via RRC Connection Reconfiguration process. This site is for everything on 5G/NR Step 2 : Calculate the SSB Reference Location(subcarrier 0 in RB0 of SSB) in Mhz and store it to (B) (B) = (A) - (10 x 12 x 0. Next Calculate the total number of REs for PUSCH as follows. 5G UE First Calculate N'_RE using following formula . Power Saving Techniques for 5G and Beyond. Some background of adopting this kind of design is briefly described in IV-A of this paper as follows NOTE : It is required to have Matlab 5G Toolbox option to run this script . 300 - NR and NG-RAN Overall description; Stage-2 => Chapter 12; 3GPP 23. Next Calculate Ninfo as follows : Next step is same as downlink TBS determination process as shown below. The subframe for antenna 0 transmitted the reference signal allocated for antenna 0 and does not transmit any signal at the reference signal allocated for antenna 1. Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PUCCH Format 1; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : Slot Structure : Downlink / All Channels; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : Slot Structure : Uplink; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PRACH / FR2 (120 Khz) Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : SRS (120 Khz) Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : CSI-RS; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : CSI Codebook Jul 12, 2023 · This Page provides information about 5G NR Throughput calculator. The way to calculate the ideal throughput using these factors are explained in "Throughput Calculation Example" in Quick Reference page. Integration of Satellite in 5G Network Part 1/2 - 5G Mobile Communications (2022) Integration of Satellite in 5G Network Part 2/2 - 5G Mobile Communications (2022) Thinknet 6G NTN 2022: Non-Terrestrial Networks evolving towards 6G (R&S) - Bayern Innovative GmbH (2022) 3GPP NTN standardization: past, current and future - 5G Forum (2022) Therefore, it is highly likely that 5G will use OFDM with much wider sub carrier spacing (meaning Wide Subcarrier) comparing to current LTE. Followings are agreed at RAN1 #85. 340). 2, the max throughput can be estimated as follows. How throughput is impacted ? In case of SU-MIMO (Single User MIMO), we don't differentiate throughput of transmitter (gNB) and reciever(UE) because they are same. 211 7. 3-1 Definition of channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one NR channel; 38. Aug 29, 2018 · 5G will have to do more than just speed up your phone, Ericsson says (Oct 17,2013) 5G - Business Enabler or Disruptor (Erricsson Business Review, Issue 2, 2013) Ericsson achieves 5Gbps over 5G network (Jul 7, 2014) Ericsson 5G Reaches 5 Gbps (Jul 10, 2014) 5G Live Over-Air Demo by Ericsson (YouTube) 5G LTE Dual Connectivity Live Demonstration For example, if the phone is trying to access a high-bandwidth video streaming service, the network may assign it to a slice that has a higher capacity for handling What is the maximum bandwidth we use for LTE as of now ? (May 2013) It is 20 Mhz assuming Single Carrier. SLIV(Start and Length Indicator Value) SLIV is the Start and Length Indicator for the time domain allocation for PDSCH. Usually a cell configures multiple BWPs out of the total channel bandwidth and select a specific one at each moment of operation. Historically, CPRI is mainly designed for 2G/3G and eCPRI is designed for LTE and NR, but it is all up to network infra structure vendors which type of CPRI (CPRI or eCPRI) to use for which radio access technology (i. In terms of peak data rate requirement, 5G Redcap with different release (release 17/18) and LTE equivalent are well summarized in diagram as shown below. 2-1: Maximum transmission bandwidth configuration NRB : FR2 This site is for everything on 4G/LTE. 2. 214 Table 5. . As you may notice, there is slight differences between the two versions. Calculator is based on 3GPP 38. In LTE, RBG size can be 1,2,3,4 depending on channel bandwidth. Similarily in in NR the RBG size can only be 2,4,8 or 16 depending on the bandwidth of the BWP. g, 100 Mbps and over) is pretty tough task not only for IP stack, but also the IP application software and CPU utilization. According to 38. 38. 101-2 Table 5. How to handle this situation would be an important topics in 5G channel model. 323 4. Since one of the biggest goal for 5G is to achieve super high throughput, so high spectral efficiency can be an important criteria. Theoretically, they can be any technologies, but in practice we usually mean NR(5G) and LTE(4G). Meaning of each parameters in this equation is as follows. 4G/LTE - Throughput Throughput Calculation - From UE Cateogory For many people working in LTE, one of the most important question would be what is the maximum throughput for a network, device or network operator. They are not the parameter you would see in real life. So, simply put, 'Spectrum Sharing' in DSS would mean Spectrum Sharing between LTE and NR. There are roughly two approaches to estimate the max throughput. But in NR, for the same BWP width, the RBG size varies depending on configuration type. If you know the MCS index and number of RBs, you can calculate the throughput for that specific MCS idex and RB as follows: PHY layer throughput in bits = Transport Block Size (bits) / subframe x Number of the scheduled subframes / sec = ???? bits/sec Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PUCCH Format 1; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : Slot Structure : Downlink / All Channels; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : Slot Structure : Uplink; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PRACH / FR2 (120 Khz) Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : SRS (120 Khz) Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : CSI-RS; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : CSI Codebook Jul 12, 2023 · This Page provides information about 5G NR Throughput calculator. If the subcarrier width gets wider, the symbol length gets shorter (this is based on inverse relationship between frequency domain and time domain). Due to this, the symbol length in this frame can be 4 times shorter than LTE/LTE-A symbol length. 2 PDCP entities. In case of 2 x 2 MIMO in LTE, each sub frame has different locations for reference signal for each antenna. The difference between this example and previous example is system bandwidth. In LTE, there are only 4 different types of Preamble types which can be comparable to Long Sequence Preamble type in 5G/NR named as type 0,1,2,3, but there are many more in 5G/NR which does not have any equivalent types in LTE. In this note, I want to approach NR scheduling with more of practical perspectives with the minimum set of factors. The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) RP-200494 - UE Power Saving in NR (Work Item Description) TR 38. Сalculator allows to calculate the maximum throughput of 5G NR network for user (depending on his mobile device UE) or cell. g, configured scheduling, SFI and introduction of cancellation, interruption etc) which may lead to too much complication and unstability of the In case of LTE as an example, we use the method described as shown below. Overall concept would be similar to TTI Bundling in LTE (in LTE TTI bundling is for Uplink. One is what we usually call (sub 6 Ghz) and the other is what we usually call millimeter wave. YouTube Throughput Calculation - TDD . The major difference from LTE RSRP is that NR RSRP is measured from the reference signal in SSB whereas LTE RSRP is measured from CRS(Cell Reference Signal). Comm. I made several examples of resource allocation and its ideal throughput as follows. In short, the max throughput for the reciever (UE) does not change. In LTE, the waveform generation equation (basically IFFT equation) is split into two parts just to remove the point located at DC location (i. pss_scale = 0. g, 5G). 2-1: Maximum transmission bandwidth configuration NRB : FR1; 38. AT&T 5G+ 1GIG Millimeter Wave inside Walmart (Oct 2020) iPhone 12 on Telstra 5G - Web browsing & YouTube (end-user experience) (Nov 2020) ATT 5G MMWAVE speed test 2020 iPhone 12 5G San Antonio (Nov 2020) T-Mobile 2. Max Throughput Estimation . However, in NR there are two different types of SIBs. 4G/LTE - Access Control Throughput Calculation - TDD; Throughput Calculation - From UE Cateogory; Throughput : Common The way to calculate the ideal throughput using these factors are explained in "Throughput Calculation Example" in Quick Reference page. The illustration shown below is based on the following statement on absoluteFrequencySSB from 38. (This kind of focus hasn't been changed much until mid 2013) At least, one thing for sure will be that the data rate will be at least several G bps. So, in stead of directly jumping into max throughput test, increase the throughput step-by-step and check CPU utilization (e. But for MU-MIMO, we need to consider the throughput for transmitter and reciever differently. Max Throughput Estimation. I've revised the code just a little bit for my own purpose. Reference : YouTube [1] Explore 3GPP Rel-16 enhancements in Keysight Signal Studio and 89600 VSA (Keysight) [2] Evolution of 5G from 3GPP Rel-15 to Rel-17 and Testing Challenges (Anritsu) 4G/LTE - Throughput Throughput Calculation - From UE Cateogory For many people working in LTE, one of the most important question would be what is the maximum throughput for a network, device or network operator. BWP is a part of the total channel bandwidth configured for a cell that is used for a UE at a specific moment of operation. Case 2 : I_MCS is in 'reserved' range. 306-4. 840 - Study on User Equipment (UE) power saving in NR. WiFi. 5G(NR) Band/Freq. Max Throughput Calculators. This is the specification for LTE Dual Connectivity (not NR splitbearer) but I think similar idea would apply to NR split bearer as well. 101-1 Figure 5. This site is for everything on 5G/NR The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) RP-200494 - UE Power Saving in NR (Work Item Description) TR 38. Assuming that the bandwidth of each carrier is same, the more carriers are used the higher throughput you can expect (NOTE : In reality, there are cases where the bandwidth of each carrier would not be same. 5G Mobile mmWave Technology Evolution 5G MIB / SIB in Detail. Reference : YouTube [1] Explore 3GPP Rel-16 enhancements in Keysight Signal Studio and 89600 VSA (Keysight) [2] Evolution of 5G from 3GPP Rel-15 to Rel-17 and Testing Challenges (Anritsu) Time and frequency densities of PTRS are adapted to signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and scheduling bandwidth. In this page, I will describe on high level view on CSI report What is the maximum bandwidth we use for LTE as of now ? (May 2013) It is 20 Mhz assuming Single Carrier. gNB may not want to get all the possible UE capability information and can restrict the type and amount of UE capability information by putting a specific requirements in There are much diverse preample format in 5G/NR comparing to LTE. 214 communication standards and allows you to calculate TBS depends on MCS (Modulation order, code rate), number of used PRB etc. This criteria is especially important in lower frequency than in higher frequency (mmWave Range), because we don't have much free spectrum in lower frequency. Downlink : QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM with the same constellation mapping as in LTE; Uplink : QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM with the same constellation mapping as in LTE . These conditions are the most common condition for maximum throughput test. 1. At high level, the concept of CSI Report (Channel State Information) in NR is similar to CSI Report in LTE, but the details especially on the resource application of various reference signal and scheduing of the report is extremely complex than LTE. For now, you may get a little bit more detailed idea from LTE specification described in 36. 211-Table 6. One of the big difference between LTE and NR scheduling is that NR schedules not only for slot but also the symbols within the scheduled slot, whereas in LTE the schedule is done only for subframe level (not for the symbol levels within the scheduled subframe). 5G numerology provides the foundation for the flexible and adaptive nature of 5G NR, enabling it to It is equivalent to LTE PDCCH area (the first 1,2,3,4 OFDM symbols in a subframe). So if the system bandwidth of LTE channel changes, number of the channels (sub carriers) changes but the space between channels does not change. These are what I found in internet. 211 4. 7 5G TRS, or Tracking Reference Signal, is a key component in 5G wireless technology, primarily used for beam management. [4] The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) [5] 3GPPs 5G NR Release 16S 9 Most Critical Improvements To 5G. not my tool, but I think all of these tools are based on the fornula in 3GPP as summerized above. 03) NOTE: : (10 x 12 x 0. Overall functionality and structure of MIB / SIB of NR is almost same as LTE, but there is one major differeces between NR and LTE. 12-1: OFDM parameters and CPRI Specification 6. And this trend would not change much in future generation (e. % the variable pss_scale and sss_scale in this example is used only to allocate different color onto the specified % resource element. Largest component carrier bandwidth not smaller than 80 Mhz for at least one numerology is supported ([1]) Waveform is based on OFDM ([2]) Downlink : QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM with the same constellation mapping as in LTE; Uplink : QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM with the same constellation mapping as in LTE . Approximately data transfer rate of 5G NR can be calculated using the formula: Dec 11, 2020 · Estimating the Maximum Throughput and 5G Capacity for modern Wireless Networks is complex and requires understanding of the 5G standards. Source : RedCap - expanding the 5G device ecosystem for consumers and industries - Whitepaper - Ericsson Example 1: SNR (SINR) vs Throughput in a LTE Live Network . If you know the MCS index and number of RBs, you can calculate the throughput for that specific MCS idex and RB as follows: PHY layer throughput in bits = Transport Block Size (bits) / subframe x Number of the scheduled subframes / sec = ???? bits/sec Throughput estimation is not easy and not as simple as can be calculated by a simple equation. This site is for everything on 4G/LTE Search in ShareTechnote LTE Band/BW. 5G TRS, or Tracking Reference Signal, is a key component in 5G wireless technology, primarily used for beam management. In LTE (actually all other techology except NR), all the SIBs are broadcast periodically regardless of whether UE want it or not. You may think NR(5G) waveform is much simpler than the LTE waveform. The transport block CRC attachment in 5G PDSCH channel processing is a step that allows the UE to detect errors in the received transport block, ensuring reliable data transmission over the wireless channel. 331. 1-1 and Table 5. Throughput Calculation Example - FDD. chatTechnote. E-UTRA sampling rates for the background information for this table. I think the purpose and concept of BWP is very similar to NarrowBand in LTE M1. NOTE: Refer to 3GPP 36. Throughput TechSlide . 5G NR Power Saving Enhancements in Release 17 - Mediatek (Witepaper) YouTube. g, PUSCH). At least as of now (Oct 2021), the industry seems to keep the scheduling as simple as possible and not to enable tricky features (e. The first main factor you can think of is 'how many carriers are used for the data traffic'. The PHICH position is the 'orange' resource elements in the first symbol. NR UE capability Information in general is much more complicated than LTE UE capability Information because NR Radio stack is more flexible and complex than LTE radio stack. Even though these two equation look very differently but if you take a closer look you would notice the difference is very small. But in LTE PDCCH region, the PDCCH always spread across the whole channel bandwidth, but NR CORESET region is localized to a specific region in frequency domain. 5 GHz & mmWave | Sneed finds N41 & N261 in the Cle! (Nov 2020) T-Mobile 600 MHz LTE & 5G, 2. g, you can monitor the CPU utilization using Windows Task Manager) Definition of BWP. TDD throughput calculation is very similar to FDD case as you see below. g, Measurement Report RRC message), it gives a positive integer value, not the dBm value. This page is aimed at summarising what’s involved: Throughput estimation for 5G is complex, involving many factors and deep knowledge of the 5G standards. Definition of BWP. Another difference is about TBS each subframe as marked in blue. e, 2G/3G, LTE, NR). Some background of adopting this kind of design is briefly described in IV-A of this paper as follows Qos in 5G (Quality of service in 5G) - Part 1 (YouTube) Qos in 5G (Quality of service in 5G) - Part 2 (YouTube) QoS (Quality of Service) in 5G (YouTube) SERVICE DATA ADAPTATION PROTOCOL (SDAP) (YouTube) 3GPP 38. What would this mean ? AI for 5G Advanced toward 6G - Oregon ComSoc (2023) // Strongly Recommended; MWC 2024: Wireless AI interoperability in the multi-vendor AI world - Qualcomm(Feb 2024) MWC 2024: How Qualcomm wireless AI unlocks 5G mmWave efficiency Source : 5G NR-Light (RedCap): Revolutionizing IoT - Qualcomm. That is, it is a special set of information which schedules downlink data channel (e. Step 3 : Calculate Point A in the form of frequency in Mhz using following equation and assign it to (C) Beam Width: This refers to the width of the main lobe, often defined by the points at which the signal strength falls to half its maximum value, which is where the term "3dB Bandwidth" comes into play. Followings are the list of configurations that I tried on this page. With this large subcarrier spacing, this waveform can be much more robust than LTE/LTE-A in terms of phase noise. SDR. Throughput estimation is not easy and not as simple as can be calculated by a simple equation. This Page provides information about 5G NR TBS (Transport Block size) Calculator. What would this mean ? Space between the chhanel and the next channel is always same regardless of the system bandwidth of the LTE band. The only difference between these two examples is Cell ID. About. 4G/LTE - Throughput Throughput Calculation - From UE Cateogory For many people working in LTE, one of the most important question would be what is the maximum throughput for a network, device or network operator. Following code is based on '3GPP 5G NR PDSCH Throughput Simulation' in Matlab 5G Library help document. e, at [4] The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) [5] 3GPPs 5G NR Release 16S 9 Most Critical Improvements To 5G. It is equivalent to LTE PDCCH area (the first 1,2,3,4 OFDM symbols in a subframe). % SSS first and then calculate PCI (Physical Cell ID) from the PSS,SSS. 3. The UE maintain the connection to both 5G and WiFi and steer the data flow either through 5G or WiFi depending on situation ==> Steering The UE can maintain the connection only to one of the access network (i. Large Subcarrier Spacing: As you see in the table, the sub carrier spacing is 4 times larger than LTE/LTE-A subcarrier spacing. Largest component carrier bandwidth not smaller than 80 Mhz for at least one numerology is supported ([1]) Waveform is based on OFDM ([2]) 5G FR(Frequency Range) / Operating Bandwidth in Detail In NR, there are roughly two large frequency range specified in 3GPP. Q> What is the space between a subcarrier and the next sub carrier ? A> 15 Khz Followings are two example of PHICH allocation for the same system bandwidth of 5 Mhz. TRS in 5G plays a crucial role in maintaining time and frequency synchronization, particularly in high mobility scenarios, distinguishing it from CSI-RS, which is more aligned with beam management and channel quality assessment LTE level throughput (e. 2; sss_scale = 0. This is about one of NR deployment options where LTE work as a master and NR work as a secondary cell (In 3GPP terms, this is about EN-DC (EUTRA-NR Dual Connectivity) / MR-DC with EPC as described in 37. Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PUCCH Format 0; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PUCCH Format 1; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : Slot Structure : Downlink / All Channels; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : Slot Structure : Uplink; Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : PRACH / FR2 (120 Khz) Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library : SRS (120 Khz) Matlab Toolbox : 5G Library The main purpose of DCI (Downlink Control Information) is the same as DCI in LTE(I strongly recommend you to read LTE DCI page first if you are not so familiar with what the DCI does). 2-4: PDSCH DM-RS positions for double-symbol DM-RS > Scalable Numerology: The flexibility in 5G numerology allows for the system to adapt to different deployment scenarios, frequency bands, and use cases, ranging from low-bandwidth, wide-area coverage to high-bandwidth, low-latency applications. Modulation Order and Code Rate are determined by tables: 38. 211 - Table 7. It is used by the mobile device to connect to the packet data network and access the internet and other services. Time Domain Symbol Location Time domain symbol location of PDSCH PTRS is specified by 38. 5G CSI Report in Detail. In many cases in this area, you will notice that a seemingly simple concept will turn out to be very complicated in terms of implementation. What is the maximum bandwidth we use for LTE as of now ? (May 2013) It is 20 Mhz assuming Single Carrier. 101-1 Table 5. In normal DL or UL subframe, TBS/subframe can be calculated in the same way as in FDD. 5G NR Throughput Calculator | 5G NR Throughput Formula ; 5G NR Throughput calculator; Reference. 5G FR(Frequency Range) / Operating Bandwidth in Detail In NR, there are roughly two large frequency range specified in 3GPP. When you get the RSRP value from measurement report (e. This plot is automatically generated by AZQ Reporting tool and I just did some cosmetic touch on the chart. If we adopt LTE advanced technically available as of now, it can be max 40 Mhz using Carrier Aggregation with 2 carriers. Throughput Calculation Example - FDD . I tried to make it as practical as possible based on 3GPP higher layer specification. Novel Wake-up Scheme for Energy-Efficient Low-Latency Mobile Devices in 5G Networks . What are the multiple radio access technologies that wants to share a spectrum. 5, A carrier bandwidth part is defined as follows : Carrier Bandwidth Part is a contiguous set of physical resource blocks,selected from a contiguous subset of the common resource blocks for a given numerology(u) on a given carrier. 03) indicates 10 RB(half of total SSB RB) in Mhz. The key difference is 'number of subframes /sec' parts as marked in red. 501 - 5G;System architecture for the 5G System (5GS) => Section 5. In LTE, APN (Access Point Name) is used as an identifier for a specific network operator's packet data network. 4G LTE: 4G LTE Throughput calculator, 4G LTE Link budget calculator, 4G LTE Cell ID (ECI) Calculator, 4G LTE EARFCN calculator, 4G LTE RS RE Power calculator, 4G LTE Users (CCE) calculator, Spectral Efficiency 4G LTE calculator, 4G LTE Timing Advance Distance Calculator, EPRE (Energy Per Resource Element) Calculator, 4G Neighbor planning It is equivalent to LTE PDCCH area (the first 1,2,3,4 OFDM symbols in a subframe). Tech If you wants to have just overview of LTE, this section would not help you much, but if you are interested in protocol stack development or test case development these may be good tips. TRS in 5G plays a crucial role in maintaining time and frequency synchronization, particularly in high mobility scenarios, distinguishing it from CSI-RS, which is more aligned with beam management and channel quality assessment First Calculate N'_RE using following formula. Then let's think of 'Dynamic' part in DSS. oowtq ptfjoqr etm kdubs mphlu pykirue iasilbaa eyhkyq pmlp ihcssmig